Master Nutrition in CBSE Class 10 with Easy-to-Understand Notes & Mind Maps

 


Nutrition in Living Organisms

Introduction to Nutrition:

  • Energy Utilization: Activities like walking, cycling, and even resting require energy to maintain bodily functions.
  • Growth and Development: Food provides the necessary materials for growth, development, and synthesis of essential proteins and other substances.

Types of Nutrition:

  • Autotrophic Nutrition:
    • Definition: Organisms that produce their own food from simple inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and water. Examples include green plants and some bacteria.
    • Process: Photosynthesis is the key process where light energy is converted into chemical energy, producing carbohydrates.
    • Storage: Excess carbohydrates are stored as starch in plants and glycogen in animals.
    • Photosynthesis Steps:
      1. Light Absorption: Chlorophyll absorbs light energy.
      2. Energy Conversion: Light energy splits water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.
      3. Carbon Reduction: Carbon dioxide is reduced to form carbohydrates.
  • Heterotrophic Nutrition:
    • Definition: Organisms that depend on other organisms for food. Examples include animals, fungi, and some bacteria.
    • Enzyme Use: Heterotrophs use enzymes to break down complex substances into simpler ones for absorption and growth.
    • Parasitic Nutrition: Some heterotrophs, like ticks and lice, derive nutrition from living hosts without killing them.

Autotrophic Nutrition in Detail:

  • Photosynthesis Requirements:
    • Chlorophyll: Essential for capturing light energy.
    • Carbon Dioxide and Water: Raw materials converted into carbohydrates.
  • Photosynthesis Experiment:
  • Materials: Potted plant with variegated leaves, boiling water, alcohol, iodine solution.
  • Procedure: De-starch the plant, expose it to sunlight, test for starch presence with iodine.

Heterotrophic Nutrition in Detail:

  • Types of Heterotrophs:
    • Herbivores: Feed on plants.
    • Carnivores: Feed on other animals.
    • Omnivores: Feed on both plants and animals.
    • Parasites: Live on or inside a host and obtain nutrition at the host's expense.
  • Digestive Systems:
    • Single-celled Organisms: Use the entire cell surface for nutrient intake.
    • Multicellular Organisms: Have specialized digestive systems. For example, Amoeba uses pseudopodia to engulf food, while Paramecium uses cilia to direct food to a specific spot.

Nutrition in Human Beings:

  • Alimentary Canal: A long tube extending from the mouth to the anus, specialized in different parts for various functions.
  • Digestive Process:
    • Mouth: Food is chewed and mixed with saliva containing amylase, which begins starch digestion.
    • Oesophagus: Peristaltic movements push food to the stomach.
    • Stomach: Secretes gastric juices, including hydrochloric acid and pepsin, which aid in protein digestion.
    • Small Intestine: The site of complete digestion for carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. It receives bile from the liver and pancreatic juices. Villi increase the surface area for nutrient absorption.
    • Large Intestine: Absorbs water and forms waste material to be excreted.

Key Points to Remember:

  • Photosynthesis: Converts light energy to chemical energy in plants.
  • Heterotrophic Nutrition: Involves ingestion and digestion of complex food substances.
  • Human Digestive System: Specialized organs and enzymes ensure efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Practical Activities

  1. Activity on Starch Presence:
    • Test the role of saliva in breaking down starch by observing color changes with iodine solution.
  2. Photosynthesis Experiment:
    • Demonstrate the necessity of sunlight for photosynthesis using a potted plant and starch testing.

 

Mind Map for Nutrition

Central Concept: Nutrition

  1. Types of Nutrition
    • Autotrophic
      • Photosynthesis
      • Carbon dioxide + Water → Carbohydrates (Sunlight + Chlorophyll)
    • Heterotrophic
      • Ingestion and Digestion
      • Parasitism
      • External Digestion
  2. Photosynthesis
    • Light Absorption (Chlorophyll)
    • Energy Conversion (Light to Chemical)
    • Carbon Dioxide Reduction (to Carbohydrates)
    • Storage: Starch (Plants), Glycogen (Animals)
    • Experiment: Chlorophyll Essentiality
  3. Human Digestive System
    • Mouth: Chewing, Saliva (Amylase)
    • Esophagus: Peristalsis
    • Stomach: Gastric Juices (HCl, Pepsin), Acidic Medium
    • Small Intestine:
      • Bile (Liver): Fats Emulsification
      • Pancreatic Juice: Enzymes (Trypsin, Lipase)
      • Intestinal Juice: Final Breakdown
      • Villi: Nutrient Absorption
    • Large Intestine: Water Absorption, Waste Formation
  4. Experiments
    • Starch Presence in Leaves
    • Role of Carbon Dioxide in Photosynthesis
    • Importance of Sunlight in Photosynthesis

  

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